Ahmad Rahman, Khalid Farooq Danish, Afsheen Zafar, Ashfaq Ahmad, Shid Chaudhry A Rashid.
Chemical composition of non-infected upper urinary tract calculi.
Rawal Med J Jan ;33(1):54-5.

Objectives: To document the chemical composition of urinary calculi at our institution. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Urology Department, Rawalpindi General Hospital, and IIMC-T Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi. It included 428 patients under going surgery or receiving Extracorporial Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary calculi over a period of 3.5 years. All patients were screened for urinary tract infection by urine routine examination, urine culture and ultrasonography. Stones/fragment or gravel retrieved were sent for chemical analysis. Results: Calcium was present in 92% calculi. Out of these, 34% were pure calcium oxalate calculi. Struvite stones were 5%, pure uric acid calculi 3% whereas mixed calculi containing urates were 37%. There were no cysteine stones found in this study. Conclusion: Calcium containing mixed stones remain the commonest variety of renal calculi encountered in this study. (Rawal Med J 2008;33:54-55).

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