Syed Mosaddaque Iqbal, Syed Iqbal Hussain, Ismail Hirani, Shaheen Malik.
Etiology and management outcome of epistaxis in a tertiary care hospital - our experience.
Pak J Otolaryngol Jan ;24(2):15-8.

BJECTIVE: Epistaxis or nasal bleeding, has been reported to occur in more than half of the general population. Due to various etiological factors it affects both the gender and all age groups. Depending upon the severity of bleeding many treatment protocols were adopted and the etiology as well as efficacy of different modality of treatment were assessed. DESIGN: A descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION: Department of ENT-Head & Neck surgery, Fatima Hospital, Baqai Medical University, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi, from November 2005 to December 2007. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In these two tertiary care centres a total of 278 patients of epistaxis were managed and the causes and efficacy of the treatment protocol were evaluated. RESULTS: We concluded from our study that the incidence of epistaxis was double in males than the females, commonly seen below 30 years and above 50 years of age. Hypertension was the commonest cause of bleeding followed by nasal trauma. Anterior epistax is was observed in majority of cases, much effectively managed by anterior nasal packing while posterior epistaxis required posterior nasal packing. Ligation of external carotid artery was done in one patient only. CONCLUSION: Epistaxis is the commonest emergency in otolaryngology require hospitalization. Twice more commonly seen in males with bimodal age presentation. Anterior bleeding is much more common than the posterior bleeding. Anterior nasal packing was the main method of treatment while posterior packing done in some cases. External carotid artery ligation was used as a last resort.

PakMediNet -Pakistan's largest Database of Pakistani Medical Journals - http://www.pakmedinet.com