Kefi Iqbal, Iqbal Ahmad, Mohammad Aminuddin.
Spectroscopic techniques in the development of glass ionomer cements.
J Pak Dent Assoc Jan ;18(2):70-3.

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a relatively recent development in the field of restorative materials in dental treatment. The setting of GIC is a complex process based on acid—base reaction and may vary with the composition of the ionomer. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied to understand the nature and duration of the GIC setting process. The techniques include ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy as well as electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and have been presented in this article.

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