Waseem Yar Khan, Sajjad Hussain, Israr Zahir.
The diagnostic value of haematuria in diagnosing urological cancers.
Pak J Surg Jan ;31(3):169-72.

Objective: To diagnose the urological cancers by using standard protocol of investigation for hematuria. Materials and Methods: Th is prospective study was conducted in the department of Surgery, Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan from Jan 2012 to Dec 2014. Th e Standard protocol of investigation included cyctoscopy, urine cytology and culture, upper renal tract imaging, consisting of renal tract ultrasound scan, radiograph of kidney, ureter , bladder (KUB) and intravenous urogram (IVU) in patients where needed. Results: Total of 455 patients were included in this study; 330 (72.52%) were males and 125 (27.47%) were females. Frank haematuria was reported by 155 (34%) patients,(110 males and 45 females). Patients presenting with microscopic haematuria formed 65.93% (n=300) of the total (220 males and 80 females). Median age was 55 years (20- 90). Malignancy was found in 12.52 % (n=57) of all patients. 10.76% (n=49) with frank haematuria and 1.75 % (n=8) of patients with microscopic haematuria. No malignancy was detected under the age of 50 years with microscopic haematuria. Whereas 2.58% (n=4) under 50 years with frank haematuria were diagnosed to have malignancy. Conclusion: All patients with frank haematuria and those with microscopic haematuria above 50 years of age should be fully investigated to rule out urological malignancy. Patients under 50 years of age with microscopic haematuria have a lower priority for investigation.

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