Farkhanda Hafeez, Sumair Anwar, Tahir Masood Ahmad.
Urinary tract infection in children: clinical and etiological pattern.
Pak Paed J Jan ;29(1):35-40.

Objective: To assess the clinical and etiological pattern of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Design, Place & Duration: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted utilizing prospective data over a period of 18 months (March 2002 to Sept. 2003) in the inpatient of Nephrology Department of The Children`s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Lahore. Methods: Thirty children 10 male and 20 females, mean age 5.59 years (range 2 months to 14 years) were studied. Inclusion criteria were clinical features suggestive of UTI and urine culture presence of >105CFU/ml of single organism in freshly voided urine, while those having frank pyuria but negative urine culture and neonates were excluded from the study. Results: In early infancy the disease was more common in males while after that it was predominant in females. Fever (73.3%), failure to thrive (46.6%), vomiting and pallor (40% each) were the most common presentations. E-coli was the most common organism (43.3%) followed by klebsiella (30%), pseudomonas (16.66%) staph. epidermidis, Candida and acinitobacter (3.33% each), Klebsiella, pseudomonas and other less virulent organisms were more common in patients with underlying malformations(P<0.05) Eighty percent (n = 24) of the patients had some underlying risk factors while 46.66% (n = 14) of patients had chronic renal failure at the time of presentation. Conclusion: Patients with unexplained fever, failure to thrive and pallor should be investigated for UTI. Though E-coli is the most common etiological agent, patients with underlying structural anomalies are more susceptible to get infection with pseudomonas, klebsiella and other opportunistic organisms.

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