Muhammad Arshad, Zubair Ahmed, Liaqat Ali.
Epistaxis: An experience with over 100 cases.
Rawal Med J Jan ;32(2):142-5.

Objective: To review and analyze the incidence, causes, management and results of treatment in patients who were treated for nasal bleeding. Materials and Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on patients of epistaxis, admitted to Combined Military Hospital Multan during a two years period from January 2005 to December 2006. Incidence, sex, age, cause of bleeding, associated clinical features, treatment and results were noted. Results: During the study period, 1366 patients were admitted to hospital with various ENT diseases. Out of these, 109 (7.98%) had epistaxis as one of presenting complaints. Incidence was more in winter and spring months. Out of 109 patients, 76 were males (69.72 %) and 33 females (30.28%). The mean age was 35.06+19 years (range =3-83 years). Mean hospital stay was 4.98+4 days (1-27 days). The most common causes of epistaxis were idiopathic (31.19%), trauma (15.6%), infections (14.68%), hypertension (12.84%), Bleeding disorders and blood dyscasias (11.01%). Sixty-six patients (60.55%) had anterior and 25 (22.93%) had posterior bleeding, while in remaining bleeding site could not be determined. Eighty-nine (81.66%) patients responded to conservative treatment and in 20 (18.35%) patients some surgical procedures had to be performed. Conclusion: The common causes of epistaxis were idiopathic, trauma, infections, hypertension and bleeding disorders. Most of the cases responded to conservative measures but in some cases surgical treatment had to be done. Further research is required to know about the underlying causes and optimal management of epistaxis. (Rawal Med J 2007;32:142-145).

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