Shahida Parveen Afridi, Assadullah Khan, Irshad Waheed.
High Risk Factors in Patient with Carcinoma Esophagus.
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak Jan ;10(10):368-70.

This study was conducted to identify the presence of high risk factors in carcinoma esophagus from February, 1992 to August, 1995 at Surgical Unit 1, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi. In all 37 patients, 22 males and 15 females, were included in the study through outpatient department, surgical emergency and those referred from other cities of the country. All patients were cachectic. Diagnosis was made by detailed history, examination and laboratory investigations. Diagnosis was confirmed on barium swallow and endoscopic biopsy. Highest number of patients were in their 6th decade of life. History of snuff inhalation and opium was present in 2.7% cases each. Lower 3rd of the esophagus was affected in 62.16%, middle third in 21.62% and upper third in 16.21% cases. Smoking, pan chewing, naswar eating and sunff inhalation were identified as high risk factors among patients of carcinoma esophagus.

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