Muhammad Salman Zafar, Muhammad Asadullah, Usman Ahmad.
UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA OF URINARY BLADDER; Immunohistochemical demonstration of cox-2 in correlation with various grades.
Professional Med J Jan ;22(10):1217-21.

In spite of the fact that inflammation has been regarded as a localized or generalized defensive component of the body to different types harmful stimuli, there has been becoming confirmation of its strong part in initiation or progression of different ailments particularly related with cancer. Objectives: Aim of this study was to recognize the pattern of expression and level of intensity of COX-2 in different grades of papillary urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder along with significance of COX 2 in tumerogenesis of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder. Setting: Department of Pathology, BMSI, JPMC. Period: 1.1.2009 to 31.12.2012. Methods: The marker of COX-2 was investigated by using Immuno- histochemistry. Results: COX 2 was not detected in normal urothelium, but its intensity was expressed as 68% in low grade, 72 % in high grade and 80 % in invasive urothelial carcinoma. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate that COX-2 as a component of inflammation play an important role in progression of urinary bladder tumor and encourage use of COX 2 inhibitors as potential antitumor agent.

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