Nawwaf Al Hamoudi, Sameer Mokeem, Tariq Abdul Jabbar, Fahim Vohra, Zohaib Akram.
Self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal inflammatory conditions in habitual dippers..
Pak J Med Sci Jan ;34(5):1272-7.

To compare self-perceived oral symptoms and clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], clinical attachment loss [CAL]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters among (NW) and non- dippers (NNW). One hundred and forty-two individuals (72 patients consuming and 70 controls) were included. All participants completed a baseline questionnaire that included information regarding demographic characteristics and self-perceived oral symptoms. Clinical periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, PD and CAL) were recorded. MBL was measured on digital panoramic radiographs. Pain in teeth, pain on chewing, bleeding gums and burning sensation in the mouth was significantly worse among NW than NNW (<0.01). Clinical periodontal parameters and MBL were significantly high in NW than NNW (<0.001). There was statistically significant influence of daily use and mean duration of consumption on the severity of PI, BOP, PD (4 to 6 and >6 mm) and MBL among NW group. Self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal parameters were worse among dippers. It is highly recommended that dipping should be considered a potential threat that could have major effects on periodontal tissues.

PakMediNet -Pakistan's largest Database of Pakistani Medical Journals - http://www.pakmedinet.com