Sabahat Gul, Zafar Iqbal Malik, Waqas Iqbal Butt.
Morphometric Variations in the Shape of Human Term Placenta and Site of Insertion of Umbilical Cord under the Influence of Ethnicity.
Annals Punjab Med Coll Jan ;12(3):226-31.

Objective: This comparative or analytical study is designed to compare the gross morphological features of human term placenta in five ethnic groups. Indo – Ariyan (Mohajir) Punjabi, Aryodravidian (Sindhi). Scythodravidian (Pakhtun) Turko– Iranian (Baloch). Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy. Basic Medical Sciences Institute (BMSI). Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre (JPMC) Karachi. From June 2012 to June 2014. Methodology: Five ethnic groups were included in the study. Fifty placentae were collected in total. Placentae were divided in 5 groups. 10 placentae were collected in each group. Group-A: Indo–Ariyan (Mohajir) = 10 was divided in 10 subgroups A1–A10, Group-B: Punjabi= 10, Subgroups B1 – B10, Group–C: Aryodravidian (Sindhi) = 10, Subgroups C1–C10, Group–D: Scythodravidian (Pakhtun) = 10 Subgroups D1–D10, Group–E: Turko–Iranian (Balochi) = 10, Subgroups E1–E10, Gross features of placentae were studied in detail & compared. Results: In shape of placenta 18 were circular in shape, A-3, B-6, C-3, D-3, D-8, E-7, E-9. 24 placentae were oval in shape A-2, A-9, B-3, C-2, D-6. In 4 cases A-10, B-5, C-8, triangular shape was observed. B-9 placenta was observed with succenturiate lobe. B-10, Placenta was having two complete lobes & E-2, bilobate placenta with second lobe comparatively short. Regarding results of site of attachment of umbilical cord 29 cases were found with e eccentric attachment of cord, 7 placentae with central attachment of cord, 14 placentae with marginal insertion. Conclusion: Shape of placenta & site of insertion of umbilical cord is a variable factor under the influence of ethnicity.

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