Zakir Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad, Ammar Bashir, Muhammad Iqbal, Shah Jehan-ur Rehman.
Frequency of different metabolic abnormalities in children with renal stones.
Pak J Med Health Sci Jan ;13(4):837-9.

Background : Urolithiasis is associated with an identified metabolic abnormality in approximately 40 -50% of children. The most commonly observed are hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia and cystinuria with hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia being the most common. Aim : To determine the frequency of different metabolic abnormalities in children with renal stones. Study design: Cross sectional study Settings: Urology and Renal Transplantation Department , Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi. Study duration: 30th August 2018 to 28th February 2019. Methods: A total of 113 children with renal stones 1-14 years of age were included. Patients with urinary tract infections, PUV, PUJ obstruc tion, reflux disease and CRF were excluded. Then 24 hours urine sample was taken and sent to the pathology laboratory for measuring the levels of uric acid, calcium, oxalate, citrate and magnesium. Presence or absence of metabolic abnormalities i.e. hyperc alciuria, hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, hyperuricosuria and hypomagnesuria was noted. Results: The mean age of patients was 8.45±3.14 years with age range from 1 -14 years . Out of 113, 62 (54.87%) patients were male and females patients 51 (45.13%) were with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. In this study, I have found the hypercalciuria in 54 (47.79%), hyperoxaluria in 24 (21.24%), hypocitraturia in 64 (56.64%), hyperuricosuria in 21 (18.58%) and hypomagnesuria in 39 (34.51%) patients . Conc lusion: It is concluded that frequency of metabolic abnormalities is extremely high in children with renal stones, hypocitraturia and hypercalciuria are the most significant metabolic abnormalities noted in patients.

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