Mashhood-uz Zafar Farooq, Shama Mashhood, Aisha Kaleem, Mir Amjad Ali, Muhammad Faisal Fahim, Abdul Rafiu Soomro.
Vitamin D deficiency: Correlation with diabetic retinopathy in diabetes type-II.
Pak J Surg Jan ;37(3):206-11.

Background: Vitamin D is identified to have an important association with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Several vitro and vivo studies support this evidence. Diabetic retinopathy is identified as one of the leading causes of blindness. Diabetic retinopathy poses economic and social implications. Visual loss secondary to diabetic retinopathy is avoidable and/or treatable with timely intervention. Different risk factors have been identified for causing diabetic retinopathy. Recently, vitamin-D is also identified as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type-II. Large number of studies has identified vitamin D deficiency in different countries affecting all ages. Where several studies have found correlation of vitamin-D deficiency with diabetic retinopathy, some studies have found no relationship between vitamin-D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy. Objective: To find a relationship between levels of vitamin-D and state of retinopathy among patients suffering from type-II diabetes mellitus (DM). Material & Methods: This was a retrospective study with non-probability purposive sampling carried out at Mohsin Family Health Clinic, Karachi. Records of patients were traced out from January 2017 to December 2019. Results: A total of 497 patient records were traced out for analysis during the study period. Mean age was 61.17 +- 6.3 with range of 41 to 70 years. Male to female ratio was 4.3:1. Vitamin D levels were assessed with Diabetic retinopathy status. There were 17 (27.0%) NPDR cases found with normal vitamin D level, 133 (53.2%) patients observed with NPDR and insufficiency level and 115 (62.5%) found with NPDR and deficiency level of vitamin D. Conclusion: There is an association between low levels of vitamin D and retinopathy in type II diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D has potential role in developing diabetic retinopathy.

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